Whitney's Grammar

Whitney's Grammar

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    • Contents
    • Preface
    • Introduction
    • Abbreviations
    • CHAPTERS
    • I. ALPHABET
    • 1. The natives of India
    • 2. Much that relates to the history
    • 3. Minor varieties
    • 4. The student may be advised
    • 5. The characters
    • 6. A few other sounds
    • 7. The order of arrangement
    • 8. The theory
    • 9. The two principles
    • 10. Under A
    • 11. A consonant-sign
    • 12. Under B
    • 13. In some cases
    • 14. The semivowel
    • 15. Further combinations
    • 16. A sign called
    • 17. The numeral figures
    • 18. The Hindu grammarians
    • II. SYSTEM OF SOUNDS, PRONUNCIATION
    • 19. The Sanskrit has three earliest
    • 20. The a is the openest vowel
    • 21. The short a
    • 22. The a-vowels
    • 23. Sanskrit adds two others
    • 24. The vowel
    • 25. Like their corresponding semivowels
    • 26. The short r
    • 27. The diphthongs
    • 28. The e and o
    • 29. The lighter
    • 30. The general name
    • 31. The Hindu name
    • 32. Mutes
    • 33. The five mute-series
    • 34. In each series
    • 35. The first and third members
    • 36. Nor is the character
    • 37. The second and fourth
    • 38. The sonant aspirates
    • 39. Guttural series
    • 40. The k is by far the commonest
    • 41. The Sanskrit guttural series
    • 42. Palatal series
    • 43. Euphonic processes
    • 44. The palatal mutes
    • 45. Lingual series
    • 46. The linguals are
    • 47. Dental series
    • 48. Indo-European original mute-classes
    • 49. Labial series
    • 50. The numerical relation
    • 51. Semivowels
    • 52. The r is clearly shown
    • 53. The l is a sound
    • 54. Some of the Vedic texts
    • 55. The y in Sanskrit
    • 56. The y is by its physical character
    • 57. The v is pronounced
    • 58. The v is classed
    • 59. Spirants
    • 60. The s
    • 61. As to the character of this sibilant
    • 62. This sibilant is no original sound
    • 63. The native authorities classed
    • 64. Corruption of an original k-sound
    • 65. The remaining spirant
    • 66. The h
    • 67. A final h-sound
    • 68. The visarga is not original
    • 69. Before a surd guttural
    • 70. A nasal sound
    • 71. There is discordance of opinion
    • 72. The assimilated nasal element
    • 73. Two different signs
    • 74. This is the whole system
    • 75. The whole spoken alphabet
    • 76. The Hindu grammarians
    • 77. They also define the quantity
    • 78. Besides these two vowel-quantities
    • 79. For metrical purposes
    • 80. The phenomena of accent
    • 81. The primary tones
    • 82. One distinction of tone
    • 83. The svarita or circumflex
    • 84. Distinguish and name separately
    • 85. Hindu grammarians agree in declaring
    • 86. The essential difference
    • 87. The accentuation
    • 88. The Rig-Veda method
    • 89. In this work
    • 90. The theory of the Sanskrit accent
    • 91. The system of accentuation
    • 92. The Sanskrit accent taught
    • 93. Certain other words
    • 94. More than a single accented syllable
    • 95. On the place of the accented syllable
    • 96. Since the accent is marked
    • 97. The accent of each word
    • III. RULES OF EUPHONIC COMBINATION
    • 98. Words in Sanskrit
    • 99. Analysable character
    • 100. Euphonic-laws
    • 101. Formation of compounds
    • 102. Roots which are authenticated
    • 103. List of roots
    • 104. Forms of the roots
    • 105. Roots showing more than one form
    • 106. Stems as well as roots
    • 107. Euphonic principles and laws
    • 108. Master the rules of euphonic combination
    • 109. Rules of combination
    • 110. General principles of combination
    • 111. Treatment of the finals of stems
    • 112. Leading rules of internal combination
    • 113. Hiatus
    • 114. Deaspiration
    • 115. Assimilation
    • 116. Conversion of one sound
    • 117. Changes within the series
    • 118. Conversions involving a change
    • 119. Euphonic combinations
    • 120. Lingual sibilant
    • 121. Extension and abbreviation
    • 122. Permitted Finals
    • 123. Increment and Decrement
    • 124. Systematic arrangement
    • 125. Concurrence of two vowels
    • 126. Two similar simple vowels
    • 127. An a-vowel combines
    • 128. As regards the accent
    • 129. The i-vowels
    • 130. Combination requiring notice
    • 131. Of a diphthong
    • 132. Important Additional Rule
    • 133. That is to say
    • 134. Unusual final
    • 135. After final
    • 136. In internal combination
    • 137. In external combination
    • 138. Certain final vowels
    • 139. Sounds allowed to occur as finals
    • 140. All the vowel sounds
    • 141. Of the non-nasal mutes
    • 142. The palatals
    • 143. Of the nasals
    • 144. Of the semivowels
    • 145. Of the sibilants
    • 146. The compound
    • 147. The aspiration
    • 148. The visarga
    • 149. Apart from the vowels
    • 150. Only one consonant
    • 151. Anomalous conversions
    • 152. For all the processes of external combination
    • 153. An aspirate mute
    • 154. Mute is to be doubled
    • 155. In a few roots
    • 156. Under this head
    • 157. In internal combination, the initial vowel
    • 158. Final vowels
    • 159. With the exceptions
    • 160. A final sonant aspirate
    • 161. Before a nasal in external combination
    • 162. Before l
    • 163. Before h
    • 164. The euphonic changes
    • 165. Final r radical or quasi-radical
    • 166. Final radical
    • 167. In a few very rare cases
    • 168. According to the grammarians
    • 169. As the final consonant of derivative stems
    • 170. The s
    • 171. First three of these rules
    • 172. Before an initial sibilant
    • 173. One or two exceptions
    • 174. Before a sonant
    • 175. Final as
    • 176. Exceptions to the rules as to final
    • 177. Final
    • 178. Final r
    • 179. A double r
    • 180. The dental sibilant
    • 181. In the interior of a Sanskrit word
    • 182. On the other hand
    • 184. The nasalization of the alterant vowel
    • 184. The principle cases of alteration
    • 185. But the same change occurs also
    • 186. In other compounds
    • 187. The final s of the first member
    • 188. Once more, in the Veda
    • 189. The dental nasal
    • 190. The rule has force
    • 191. This rule applies strictly
    • 192. Especially, a preposition
    • 193. In compound words
    • 194. Finally, in the Veda
    • 195. The immediate combination
    • 196. When a dental mute
    • 197. A dental surd mute or nasal
    • 198. In the other cases
    • 199. In external combination, a final t
    • 200. The cases of assimilation
    • 201. A n coming to follow
    • 202. A final t
    • 203. Before the palatal sibilant
    • 204. Final radical n
    • 205. The assimilation of n
    • 206. A n is also assimilated
    • 207. Before the lingual and dental sibilants
    • 208. Before the surd palatal
    • 209. The same retention
    • 210. The nasals n
    • 211. The nasals before a sibilant
    • 212. Final radical m
    • 213. Final m in external combination
    • 214. These sounds show
    • 215. The palatals and h
    • 216. Thus, in derivation
    • 217. Final c of a root or stem
    • 218. Final c reverts to its original
    • 219. Final j
    • 220. Final ch falls under the rules of combination
    • 221. Infrequent as final of a root
    • 222. The roots in final h
    • 223. The roots of the two classes
    • 224. Irregularities of combination
    • 225. Since the lingual sibilant
    • 226. In general
    • 227. As a general rule
    • 228. After r
    • 229. The first consonant
    • 230. Other cases of extension
    • 231. After a nasal
    • 232. A double mute
    • 233. Instances are sometimes
    • 234. Strengthening and Weakening Processes
    • 235. Guna and Vrddhi
    • 236. The series of corresponding degrees
    • 237. The historical relations
    • 238. The guna-increment
    • 239. The vrddhi-increment
    • 240. Heavy syllable ending
    • 241. The increments of
    • 242. In a number of roots
    • 243. In a few cases
    • 244. Vowel-lengthening
    • 245. Final radical i and u
    • 246. Compensatory lengthening
    • 247. The final vowel
    • 248. In the Veda
    • 249. The alteration
    • 250. But the lightening
    • 251. Certain a-roots
    • 252. By a process
    • 253. A short a
    • 254. Union-vowels
    • 255. Nasal Increment
    • 256. A final n
    • 257. Inserted n
    • 258. Inserted y
    • 259. Reduplication of a root
    • 260. Reason of the strengthening
    • IV. DECLENSION
    • 261. The general subject of declension
    • 262. Declensional forms show primarily case
    • 263. Gender
    • 264. Number
    • 265. As to the uses of the numerals
    • 266. Case
    • 267. Uses of the Nominative
    • 268. One or two peculiar constructions
    • 269. Uses of the accusative
    • 270. Use of the accusative as direct object
    • 271. Of verbal derivatives
    • 272. Examples of an accusative
    • 273. Direct construction of cases
    • 274. Accusative is very often found
    • 275. Examples of the cognate accusative
    • 276. Accusative is often used in more adverbial constructions
    • 277. Accusative is, of course, freely used
    • 278. Uses of the Instrumental
    • 279. Instrumental is often used to signify accompaniment
    • 280. Instrumental of means
    • 281. Of special applications
    • 282. Construction of a passive verb
    • 283. Many instrumental constructions
    • 284. Prepositions taking the instrumental
    • 285. Uses of the Dative
    • 286. Dative is used with
    • 287. In its more distinctive sense
    • 288. Dative is not to be used with prepositions
    • 289. Uses of the Ablative
    • 290. Ablative is used where expulsion
    • 291. Ablative is used where procedure
    • 292. One or two special applications
    • 293. Ablative is used with a variety of prepositions
    • 294. Uses of the Genitive
    • 295. Genitive in its normal adjective construction
    • 296. Genitive is dependent
    • 297. Genitive as object of a verb
    • 298. Genitive in its usual possessive sense
    • 299. Prepositional constructions of the genitive
    • 300. Genitive is very little used adverbially
    • 301. Uses of the Locative
    • 302. Locative of situation in space hardly needs illustration
    • 303. Locative of sphere
    • 304. Pregnant construction
    • 306. Declensional forms
    • 307. Endings - Singular
    • 308. Dual
    • 309. Plural
    • 310. Normal scheme of endings
    • 311. Variations of Stem
    • 312. Other variations concern
    • 313. Insertions between Stem
    • 314. Accent in Declension
    • 315. As regards the other cases
    • 316. Stems accented on the final
    • 317. In the declension of monosyllabic stems
    • 318. Polysyllabic stems ending in consonants
    • 319. Polysyllabic stems ending in accented short vowels
    • 320. Root-words
    • V. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
    • 321. The accordance in inflection
    • 322. The division-line between substantive
    • 323. Compound adjectives having as final member a bare verbal root
    • 324. Compound adjectives having a noun as final member
    • 325. Under each declension
    • 326. Declension contains the majority
    • 327. Declension I - Endings - Singular
    • 328. Declension I - Dual
    • 329. Declension I - Plural
    • 330. Examples of declension I
    • 331. Among nouns
    • 332. Original adjectives
    • 333. There are no verbal roots
    • 334. A noun ending
    • 335. The stems in i and u
    • 336. Declension II - Endings - Singular
    • 337. Declension II - Dual
    • 338. Declension II - Plural
    • 339. Examples of declension II
    • 340. In order to mark more plainly the absence
    • 341. As models of u-stems
    • 342. The forms of Vedic occurrence
    • 343. Irregular declension
    • 344. Original adjectives stems in i
    • 345. Roots ending in i or u
    • 346. Compound adjectives having nouns
    • 347. The stems ending in long vowels
    • 348. The inflection of these stems
    • 349. Monosyllabic stems
    • 350. The rules for monosyllabic accent
    • 351. Examples of declension III
    • 352. Monosyllabic stems in composition
    • 353. A few further Vedic irregularities
    • 354. But compounds of the class
    • 355. Polysyllabic Stems
    • 356. The mode of declension
    • 357. Irregularities of form
    • 358. The process of transfer
    • 359. Adjective compounds
    • 360. There are certain monosyllabic
    • 361. Entirely regular
    • 362. To this division
    • 363. Endings
    • 364. Examples of declension
    • 365. Examples of Vedic forms
    • 366. Noun woman
    • 367. Occurrence of original adjectives
    • 368. It is convenient
    • 369. This declension is a comparatively limited
    • 370. Forms of the Stem
    • 371. Declension IV - Endings
    • 372. Declension IV - Accent
    • 373. Examples of declension IV
    • 374. The stem jackal
    • 375. Neuter forms
    • 376. There are no original adjectives
    • 377. All stems ending in consonants
    • 378. In this declension
    • 379. Variations
    • 380. The endings are throughout
    • 381. Change in the place of the accent
    • 382. For convenience and clearness of presentation
    • 383. Root-stems - stems of this division
    • 384. Root-stems - Gender
    • 385. Strong and weak stem-forms
    • 386. A nasal appears in the strong cases
    • 387. The vowel a is lengthened
    • 388. Other modes of differentiation
    • 389. The ending
    • 390. Monosyllabic stems have the regular accent
    • 391. Examples of inflection
    • 392. The root-stems in ir and ur
    • 393. The stem water
    • 394. The stem man
    • 395. The stem road
    • 396. The stem tooth
    • 397. A number of other words
    • 398. Certain stems of this division
    • 399. Some of the alternative stems
    • 400. Original adjectives having the root-form
    • 401. Original adjectives having the root-form
    • 402. The root slay
    • 403. The root carry
    • 404. Of very irregular formation and inflection
    • 405. The root overcome
    • 406. The compound make offering
    • 407. Compounds with ac
    • 408. Examples of inflection - forward
    • 409. Rare occurrence
    • 410. The accentuation of these words is irregular
    • 411. The stems of this division are prevailingly neuter
    • 412. The stems in as
    • 413. Their inflection is almost entirely regular
    • 414. Derivative stems in as, is, us - Examples of declension
    • 415. Vedic etc. Irregularities
    • 416. The grammarians regard
    • 417. A few neuter nouns in as
    • 418. Adjective compounds having nouns
    • 419. The stem unrivalled
    • 420. Stems made by the three suffixes
    • 421. The stem has a triple form
    • 422. The vocative sing.
    • 423. As to accent
    • 424. Derivative stems in an - Examples of declension
    • 425. Vedic Irregularities
    • 426. Regular lengthening
    • 427. The stems dog
    • 428. The stem generous
    • 429. Stems in a, ma, va
    • 430. The stem day
    • 431. The neuter stems eye
    • 432. The neuter stems blood
    • 433. The stems m. road
    • 434. The stems stirring-stick
    • 435. Original adjective stems
    • 436. Adjective compounds having a noun in an
    • 437. Nouns in an occurring as final members
    • 438. Formed with the suffixes in
    • 439. Their inflection is quite regular
    • 440. Derivative stems in - Examples of inflection
    • 441. There are no irregularities in the inflection of in-stems
    • 442. These stems fall into two sub-divisions
    • 443. The stem has in general a double form
    • 444. Those verbs
    • 445. The vocative of each gender is like the nominative
    • 446. Stems accented on the final syllable
    • 447. Participles in ant or at - Examples of declension
    • 448. The Vedic derivations from the model
    • 449. The feminine participle-stem
    • 450. A few words are participial in form and inflection
    • 451. The pronominal adjectives
    • 452. Possessives in mant or vant
    • 453. Illustrate the inflection
    • 454. Possessives in mant or vant - Vedic Irregularities
    • 455. The stem running
    • 456. Besides the participle
    • 457. Pronominal adjectives inflected like ordinary derivatives
    • 458. The active participles of the perfect tense-system
    • 459. The forms as thus described are masculine
    • 460. The accent is always upon the suffix
    • 461. Perfect Participles - Examples of inflection
    • 462. In the oldest language
    • 463. The comparative adjectives
    • 464. As models of inflection
    • 465. The Vedic voc. masc.
    • 466. Derivative adjective stems
    • 467. The suffixes of primary derivation
    • 468. From Veda and
    • 469. The stems in
    • 470. Of peculiarities and irregularities of formation
    • 471. The suffixes of secondary derivation
    • 472. These comparatives and superlatives
    • 473. That especially in the Veda
    • 474. From a few words
    • VI. NUMERALS
    • 475. The simple cardinal numerals
    • 476. The odd numbers between the even tens
    • 477. The above are the normal expressions
    • 478. The same methods
    • 479. Another usual method
    • 480. To multiply one number by another
    • 481. But the two factors
    • 482. Inflection of the cardinal numerals
    • 483. The numbers from 5 to 19
    • 484. Hindu grammarians give to the stems
    • 485. The tens
    • 486. Construction
    • 487. Ordinals
    • 488. The ordinals, as in other languages
    • 489. Other numeral derivatives
    • Chapter VII
    • 490. Pronouns differ from
    • 491. Pronouns of the first and second persons
    • 492. Forms of the older language
    • 493. Peculiar endings
    • 494. Stem-forms
    • 495. Simplest demonstrative
    • 496. Peculiarities of the general pronominal declension
    • 497. Stem of this pronoun
    • 498. Demonstrative root
    • 499. Two other demonstrative stem
    • 500. There is a defective pronominal stem
    • 501. Declension of two other demonstratives
    • 502. The former of these two pronouns
    • 503. Other pronoun
    • 504. Characteristic part
    • 505. The grammarians treat
    • 506. Various forms of this pronoun
    • 507. The interrogative pronoun
    • 508. The root of the relative pronoun
    • 509. It is inflected with entire regularity
    • 510. The use of
    • 511. Combination of ya with ka
    • 512. One or two marked peculiarities
    • 513. The isolated and uninflected pronominal word
    • 514. The noun soul
    • 515. From pronominal roots and stems
    • 516. Possessives
    • 517. By the suffix
    • 518. Pronominal roots show
    • 519. From ta, ka, ya
    • 520. From ya
    • 521. Derivatives with the suffix ka
    • 522. A number of adjectives
    • 523. Comparatives and superlatives
    • 524. Other words are so inflected
    • 525. Other words follow the same model
    • 526. Occasional forms
    • CHAPTER VIII
    • 527. Subject of conjugation
    • 528. Voice
    • 529. An active form
    • 530. Some verbs are conjugated
    • 531. The middle forms outside
    • 532. Tense
    • 533. Mode
    • 534. The present, perfect, and future
    • 535. Tense-systems
    • 536. Number and Person
    • 537. Verbal adjectives and nouns
    • 538. Infinitives
    • 539. Gerunds
    • 540. Secondary conjugations
    • 541. Characteristic of a proper verb-form
    • 542. Endings of verbal inflection
    • 543. Singular: First person
    • 544. Singular: Second person
    • 545. Singular: Third person
    • 546. Dual
    • 547. Second and Third persons
    • 548. Plural
    • 549. Second person
    • 550. Third person
    • 551. Schemes of endings
    • 552. Part of the endings
    • 553. Schemes of normal endings
    • 554. Rule is followed
    • 555. Secondary endings
    • 556. Changes of form
    • 557. Of the subjunctive mode
    • 558. In its normal and regular formation
    • 559. Stem thus formed
    • 560. In the active
    • 561. In the middle
    • 562. Subjunctive endings
    • 563. Besides this proper subjunctive
    • 564. Optative is of comparatively rare
    • 565. Optative mode-sign
    • 566. Combined mode-sign
    • 567. Precative
    • 568. Precative endings
    • 569. Imperative has no mode-sign
    • 570. Imperative in
    • 571. As regards its meaning
    • 572. Of the three modes
    • 573. Optative appears to have
    • 574. The subjunctive
    • 575. Difference
    • 576. As examples
    • 577. The uses of the optative
    • 578. The later use
    • 579. The imperative negative
    • 580. But the use also of the optative
    • 581. In all dependent constructions
    • 582. No distinction of meaning
    • 583. Participles
    • 584. The general participial endings
    • 585. The augment
    • 586. Augment is a sign of past time
    • 587. Especially in the RV
    • 588. Derivation of conjugational
    • 589. General principle of reduplication
    • 590. Consonant of the reduplicating syllable
    • 591. Statements which have been
    • 592. General rule
    • 593. First, the verb is accented
    • 594. Certain special cases
    • 595. Second, the verb is accented
    • 596. The verb of a prior clause
    • 597. Where the verb would be the same
    • 598. Certain more or less doubtful cases
    • CHAPTER IX
    • 599. The present-system
    • 600. Practically, present-system is the most prominent
    • 601. Great variety
    • 602. In a small minority of verbs
    • 603. In the classes of the first or non-a-conjugation
    • 604. These classes have in common
    • 605. In the classes of the second or non-a-conjugation
    • 606. The classes of this conjugation
    • 607. Hindu grammarians reckon a tenth class
    • 608. A small number of roots
    • 609. Roots are not wholly limited
    • 610. We take up now the different classes
    • 611. In this class there is no class-sign
    • 612. The endings are the primary
    • 613. Examples of the 3d sing
    • 614. Subjunctive forms of this class
    • 615. The RV. has no middle forms
    • 616. The personal endings
    • 617. The imperative adds
    • 618. The 2d sing. act
    • 619. The active participle
    • 620. Imperfect tense adds
    • 621. Roots ending
    • 622. The use of the persons
    • 623. The first or root-form
    • 624. In the Veda
    • 625. Forms of this class
    • 626. Irregularities of the Root-class
    • 627. Vowel in its strong forms
    • 628. A number of roots accent
    • 629. Of the roots mentioned
    • 630. Of the same roots
    • 631. The roots weep
    • 632. The root speak
    • 633. Some of the roots in u
    • 634. The root am
    • 635. The irregularities
    • 636. The root as
    • 637. The root smite
    • 638. The root be eager
    • 639. The root order
    • 640. The double so-called root
    • 641. Certain other obviously reduplicated
    • 642. Reduplicating forms
    • 643. As regards the consonant
    • 644. The present-stem of this class
    • 645. According to all the analogies
    • 646. The verbs of this class lose
    • 647. Combination of stem and endings
    • 648. It is not possible at present
    • 649. The subjunctive mode-stem
    • 650. Instead of giving
    • 651. To form this mode
    • 652. The endings and the mode
    • 653. Present Imperative: Example of inflection
    • 654. Vedic irregularities of inflection
    • 655. Active participle-stem
    • 656. As already pointed out
    • 657. Imperfect: Examples of inflection
    • 658. The usual Vedic irregularities
    • 659. The roots that form
    • 660. Besides the roots
    • 661. Several roots of this class in final
    • 662. sharpen
    • 663. bellow
    • 664. remove
    • 665. quit
    • 666. give
    • 667. The two roots
    • 668. The inflection
    • 669. The older language has irregularities
    • 670. A number of roots
    • 671. In all periods of the language
    • 672. In the Veda the reduplicated roots
    • 673. In the Veda, a like secondary stem
    • 674. Similar secondary form,
    • 675. A few so-called roots
    • 676. The grammarians reckon several roots
    • 677. The stem shine
    • 678. The root chew
    • 679. The root fear
    • 680. Forms of this class from give birth
    • 681. The roots ci and cit
    • 682. The root vyac has i
    • 683. Roots of this class all end in consonants
    • 684. Present Indicative: Examples of inflection
    • 685. Vedic irregularities of inflection
    • 686. The stem is made
    • 687. The RV. has once
    • 688. Present optative
    • 689. Present Imperative
    • 690. There is no occurrence
    • 691. The participles are made
    • 692. The example of the regular inflection
    • 693. The Veda shows no irregularities
    • 694. The roots of this class number about thirty
    • 695. The root combines
    • 696. The root accents
    • 697. The present-stem of the nu-class
    • 698. Present Indicative: Examples of inflection
    • 699. In the older language, no strong 2d persons
    • 700. The subjunctive mode-stem
    • 701. Of the briefer 1st sing
    • 702. The combined endings
    • 703. The inflection of the imperative
    • 704. The rule as to the omission
    • 705. Present Participle: The endings
    • 706. Imperfect: Combination of augmented stem
    • 707. Strong stem-forms
    • 708. About fifty roots
    • 709. The roots of the other division
    • 710. The root be pleased
    • 711. The root hear
    • 712. The root shake
    • 713. The so-called root
    • 714. The extremely common root make
    • 715. In RV., this root is regularly inflected
    • 716. A few verbs belonging originally
    • 717. The class-sign
    • 718. Present Indicative: Example of inflection
    • 719. In the Veda, the 3d sing.
    • 720. The subjunctive forms
    • 721. This mode is formed and inflected
    • 722. Present Imperative: The ending in 2d sing.
    • 723. The first two in RV
    • 724. The participles are regularly formed
    • 725. There is nothing special
    • 726. It has been pointed out
    • 727. The roots which form their present-systems
    • 728. Irregularities of the na-class: roots ending
    • 729. The root grabh
    • 730. A few of the roots have a more or less persistent
    • 731. Not rarely, forms showing
    • 732. An apparently denominative inflection
    • 733. Second or a-Conjugation
    • 734. A-class
    • 735. Present Indicative: The endings and the rules
    • 736. Present Subjunctive: The mode-stem
    • 737. The 2d du. mid.
    • 738. Present Optative
    • 739. Present Imperative: example
    • 740. The ending tana
    • 741. Present Participle: The endings
    • 742. Imperfect: An example of the imperfect inflection
    • 743. No forms in tana
    • 744. A far larger number of roots
    • 745. Irregularities of the a-class
    • 746. The roots bite
    • 747. The roots go and reach
    • 748. The root sit
    • 749. Transfers to this class
    • 750. The root dham
    • 751. Accented: The present-stem
    • 752. Example of inflection: root - center
    • 753. Nearly a hundred and fifty roots
    • 754. Noticeable peculiarities of form
    • 755. Irregularities: The roots in i and u
    • 756. The three roots
    • 757. As to the stems
    • 758. Although the present-stem of this class shows
    • 759. Ya-class: Present-stem
    • 760. Root - bind
    • 761. Ya-class stems are more
    • 762. Only one thus far described
    • 763. Irregularities of the ya-class
    • 764. The root mad has the same lengthening
    • 765. No forms of this class are quotable
    • 766. Jur and tir
    • 767. The root vyadh is abbreviated
    • 768. Passive conjugation: A certain form of present-stem
    • 769. Passive-sign is added
    • 770. A final vowel of a root
    • 771. The inflectiom of the passive-stem
    • 772. The roots tan and khan
    • 773. Maintains itself
    • 774. Examples of the transfer of stems
    • 775. The so-called Tenth class
    • 776. Uses of the Present and Imperfect
    • 777. The present has its strictly present use
    • 778. In connection with certain particles
    • 779. The imperfect has remained unchanged
    • CHAPTER X
    • 780. The perfect system
    • 781. The formation of the perfect
    • 782. Reduplication. In roots beginning
    • 783. For roots beginning with a vowel
    • 784. Number of roots beginning with va
    • 785. A number of roots having ya
    • 786. A considerable number of roots
    • 787. A few roots beginning with the palatal mutes
    • 788. A small number of roots with initial a
    • 789. One or two individual cases of irregularity
    • 790. Absence of reduplication
    • 791. For an anomalous case
    • 792. Strong and weak stem-forms
    • 793. As regards the strengthening
    • 794. As regards the weakening
    • 795. Endings, and their union
    • 796. Those of the endings which begin with a consonant
    • 797. The most important rules
    • 798. The usage is in part quite otherwise
    • 799. The ending of 3rd pl.
    • 800. By way of illustration of the rules
    • 801. A few miscellaneous irregularities
    • 802. The ending of the active participle
    • 803. If the weak form of the perfect stem is monosyllabic
    • 804. Vedic irregularities calling for notice
    • 805. From roots gam and ban
    • 806. The ending of the middle participle
    • 807. Perfect participles have nearly gone
    • 808. Modes of the Perfect
    • 809. The normal method of making such forms
    • 810. Examples of the regular subjunctive formation
    • 811. Not a few subjunctives
    • 812. Examples of the regular optative formation
    • 813. Of regular imperative forms
    • 814. As irregular imperatives may be reckoned
    • 815. Such imperatives
    • 816. Forms of different model
    • 817. Pluperfect
    • 818. The normal pluperfect
    • 819. Several forms from roots ending
    • 820. A few forms show a stem ending in a
    • 821. Uses of the Perfect
    • 822. Distinction of tense-value
    • 823. In the Veda, the case is very different
    • CHAPTER XI
    • 824. Under the name of aorist
    • 825. All these varieties are bound together
    • 826. The aorist-system is a formation
    • 827. In the RV., nearly half the roots
    • 828. Simple Aorist
    • 829. Root-aorist
    • 830. Same roots are decidedly
    • 831. Aorists of the same class
    • 832. Further, from a few roots
    • 833. Again, from a larger number of roots
    • 834. So far only active forms
    • 835. Modes of the Root-aorist
    • 836. Of true subjunctives
    • 837. Optative. The optative active
    • 838. Precative active forms
    • 839. Imperative forms of the root-aorist
    • 840. Participles of the Root-aorist
    • 841. Roots exhibiting in the older language
    • 842. Passive Aorist third person singular
    • 843. This person is formed by adding
    • 844. Before the ending a final vowel
    • 845. These forms are made in RV.
    • 846. The a-aorist
    • 847. Makes in the RV. a small figure
    • 848. The inflection of this aorist
    • 849. Modes of the a-aorist
    • 850. The optatives are few
    • 851. A complete series of active imperative
    • 852. Participles of the a-aorist
    • 853. Irregularities of the a-aorist
    • 854. The stem voc
    • 855. Isolated forms
    • 856. Reduplicated Aorist
    • 857. Its characteristic is a reduplication
    • 858. The consonant of the reduplication
    • 859. If the root is a light syllable
    • 860. If the root is a heavy syllable
    • 861. The favored relation
    • 862. Examples of this aorist from roots
    • 863. Of special irregularities
    • 864. The inflection of the reduplicated aorist
    • 865. The middle forms are rare in the older language
    • 866. Strengthening before the endings
    • 867. Forms of the inflection without union-vowel
    • 868. Few roots are said
    • 869. Modes of the Reduplicated Aorist
    • 870. Optative forms are even rarer
    • 871. The indubitable forms
    • 872. No participle is found belonging
    • 873. Sigmatic or Sibilant Aorist
    • 874. The sibilant tense-stem
    • 875. In the vast majority of cases
    • 876. Classification for the varieties of sibilant-aorist
    • 877. The s-aorist
    • 878. The general rules as to the strengthening
    • 879. The endings are the usual secondary ones
    • 880. Before endings beginning with t or th
    • 881. This variety of sibilant aorist
    • 882. The omission of s
    • 883. Certain roots weaken
    • 884. Roots ending in changeable
    • 885. The s-aorist is made
    • 886. Irregularities of stem-formation
    • 887. The principal peculiarity
    • 888. If the root ends in a vowel
    • 889. If the root ends in a consonant
    • 890. A relic of this peculiarity
    • 891. The indicative forms
    • 892. Proper subjunctive forms are not rare
    • 893. Of irregularities are to be noted
    • 894. Optative forms of this aorist
    • 895. Imperative persons from this aorist
    • 896. Participles of the s-aorist
    • 897. Participles of the s-aorist
    • 898. The tense-stem of this aorist
    • 899. The rules as to the strengthening
    • 900. Of exceptions may be noted
    • 901. The endings are as in the preceding formation
    • 902. As examples of the inflection
    • 903. The number of roots from which forms of this aorist
    • 904. Irregularities are to be noticed
    • 905. As usual, augmentless indicative forms
    • 906. Of subjunctive forms with primary endings
    • 907. The middle optative of this aorist
    • 908. Of imperative forms
    • 909. No words having a participial ending
    • 910. This is the only aorist of which forms
    • 911. According to the grammarians
    • 912. Properly only a sub-form
    • 913. The whole series of older indicative
    • 914. Of proper subjunctives
    • 915. Middle forms of this aorist
    • 916. The sa-aorist
    • 917. As the tense-stem ends in a
    • 918. As example of inflection: root - point
    • 919. Forms of the sa-aorist
    • 920. In the indicative
    • 921. Precative
    • 922. The precative active
    • 923. Precative middle is made
    • 924. As example of inflection: root - be
    • 925. Precative active is a form of very rare occurrence
    • 926. Uses of the Aorist
    • 927. Aorist of the later language
    • 928. Aorist has the value of a proper perfect
    • 929. This distinction of the aorist from the imperfect and perfect
    • 930. The boundary between what has just been
    • CHAPTER XII
    • 931. The future-systems
    • 932. The s-future
    • 933. This tense-stem is then inflected precisely
    • 934. With regard to the use or non-use
    • 935. Regards the auxiliary vowel
    • 936. As the root is strengthened
    • 937. This future is comparatively rare
    • 938. Mode-forms of the future
    • 939. Participles are made from the future-stem
    • 940. From the future-stem
    • 941. The conditional is the rarest of all
    • 942. The Periphrastic Future
    • 943. The noun is formed by the suffix
    • 944. In the third persons
    • 945. The accent in these combinations
    • 946. The nomina agentis in
    • 947. A few isolated attempts are made
    • 948. As the s-future is the commoner
    • 949. Periphrastic future is defined
    • 950. The conditional would seem
    • CHAPTER XIII
    • 951. Verbal Adjectives and nouns
    • 952. Passive Participle: By accented suffix
    • 953. Participle is made by adding
    • 954. Its weakest form
    • 955. Of more irregular character
    • 956. The suffix with i
    • 957. The suffix always without auxiliary i
    • 958. Native grammarians reckon as participles
    • 959. Past Active Participle in tavant
    • 960. Derivative words of this formation
    • 961. Future Passive Participles: Gerundives
    • 962. The suffixes by which such gerundives
    • 963. The suffix ya in its gerundive use
    • 964. The suffix tavya is a secondary adjective
    • 965. The suffix is the product of a secondary derivative
    • 966. Other formations of kindred value
    • 967. The division-line between participial and ordinary
    • 968. The later language has only a single infinitive
    • 969. A number of verbal nouns
    • 970. Nouns thus used infinitively
    • 971. The root-noun used as infinitive
    • 972. The infinitive noun in tu
    • 973. The infinitive in ase is made
    • 974. Infinitives in mane are made
    • 975. The infinitives in taye
    • 976. The ending is, more than any other
    • 977. An example or two
    • 978. Infinitives in
    • 979. The only infinitive in tari
    • 980. Uses of the Infinitives
    • 981. The accusative is made only from the root-noun
    • 982. Of the infinitive datives
    • 983. The ablative infinitive
    • 984. The genitive infinitive
    • 985. Unless the infinitives
    • 986. The dative infinitive forms
    • 987. The later infinitive in tum
    • 988. The infinitive in certain connections
    • 989. The so-called gerund is a stereotyped case
    • 990. The gerund is made in the later language
    • 991. Usually added directly to the root
    • 992. The suffix added directly to the root
    • 993. Same two gerund formations
    • 994. Not changing in its character
    • 995. Adverbial Gerund in am
    • CHAPTER XIV
    • 996. Derivative
    • 997. Secondary conjugations are
    • 998. The passive conjugation
    • 999. A decided predilection for the passive form
    • 1000. Intensive
    • 1001. The intensive conjugation may be formed
    • 1003. The same root is allowed
    • 1004. The model of normal intensive inflection
    • 1005. The parts of the present-system
    • 1006. As example of inflection: root - know
    • 1007. The forms found
    • 1008. Subjunctive forms with primary endings
    • 1009. This mode would show the unstrengthened stem
    • 1010. The regular forms of the imperative
    • 1011. Older imperative forms are less rare
    • 1012. The intensive participles
    • 1013. On account of their accent
    • 1014. The imperfect is regularly inflected
    • 1015. The imperfect forms found
    • 1016. Derivative Middle Inflection
    • 1017. This kind of intensive inflection
    • 1018. The grammarians are at variance
    • 1019. Aorist, Future etc
    • 1020. There are systems of inflection
    • 1021. The stem regulate
    • 1022. The root totter
    • 1023. Anomalous form dart
    • 1024. A marked intensive or frequentative
    • 1025. It is allowed by the grammarians
    • 1026. By the desiderative conjugation
    • 1027. The desiderative stem is formed
    • 1028. The root in general remains unchanged
    • 1029. The consonant of the reduplication
    • 1030. A number of roots, including some of very common
    • 1031. The use of the auxiliary vowel
    • 1032. Inflection: Present-System
    • 1033. Desiderative forms outside the present-system
    • 1034. The desiderative perfect is the periphrastic
    • 1035. The aorist is of the form
    • 1036. The futures are made with the auxiliary vowel
    • 1037. Verbal Nouns and Adjectives
    • 1038. Of other declinable stems
    • 1039. Derivative or Tertiary Conjugations
    • 1040. Some stems which are desiderative
    • 1041. Causative
    • 1042. The treatment of the root
    • 1043. The causative stem is inflected
    • 1044. Formations from the causative stem
    • 1045. Perfect. The accepted causative perfect
    • 1046. The aorist of the causative conjugation is the reduplicated
    • 1047. Root has assumed a peculiar form
    • 1048. Few sporadic forms
    • 1049. A precative is of course allowed
    • 1050. Futures with the conditional
    • 1051. Verbal Nouns and Adjectives are made
    • 1052. Derivative or Tertiary Conjugations
    • 1053. A denominative conjugation
    • 1054. The grammarians teach that any noun-stem
    • 1055. The base of denominative conjugation
    • 1056. Intermediate between the denominative
    • 1057. Denominatives are formed at every period
    • 1058. The denominative meaning is
    • 1059. From stems in a
    • 1060. Plays the herdsman protects
    • 1061. From stems in i
    • 1062. From other vowel-stems
    • 1063. From consonant-stems
    • 1064. The largest class of consonantal stems
    • 1065. The grammarians reckon as a special class of denominatives
    • 1066. A number of denominative stems
    • 1067. The denominative stems in RV
    • 1068. The denominative stems are inflected with regularity
    • CHAPTER XV
    • 1069. Periphrastic and compound conjugation
    • 1070. Periphrastic Perfect
    • 1071. Periphrastic perfect occurs as follows
    • 1072. Periphrastic perfect of the middle voice
    • 1073. Account of the periphrastic formation
    • 1074. Participial Periphrastic Phrases
    • 1075. Examples of the various formations
    • 1076. Composition with Prepositional Prefixes
    • 1077. Verbal prefixes
    • 1078. Prefixes essentially
    • 1079. More limited use
    • 1080. More than one prefix
    • 1081. Prefix stands immediately before the verbal form
    • 1082. Accent of verb-forms
    • 1083. A personal verbal form
    • 1084. General adverb of direction
    • 1085. Combination with the non-personal parts
    • 1086. Closeness of combination
    • 1087. Few special irregularities
    • 1088. More general adverbial uses
    • 1089. Combination of the particles a or an privative
    • 1090. Other Verbal Compounds
    • 1091. Reduplicative onomatopoetic compounds
    • 1092. Noun namas obeisance
    • 1093. Noun-stem thus compounded
    • 1094. Any noun or adjective stem
    • 1095. Of all the forms
    • CHAPTER XVI
    • 1096. Indeclinable words
    • 1097. Adverbs by Suffix.
    • 1098. With the suffix tas
    • 1099. With the suffix tra
    • 1100. Suffixes of locality
    • 1101. Adverbs of manner
    • 1102. One or two other suffixes
    • 1103. By the suffix
    • 1104. Adverbs especially from numerals
    • 1105. Numerals are made multiplicative adverbs
    • 1106. Numeral or quantitative stems
    • 1107. Suffix are made with great freedom
    • 1108. Suffix are made from nouns quasi-adverbs
    • 1109. Suffixes, not of noun-derivation
    • 1110. Case-forms used as Adverbs
    • 1111. Accusative is the case most frequently used
    • 1112. The instrumental is also often used
    • 1113. Dative has only very seldom an adverbial use
    • 1114. Ablative is not infrequently used
    • 1115. Genitive is almost never used
    • 1116. Locative is sometimes used
    • 1117. Even a nominative form appears to be stereotyped
    • 1118. Verbal Prefixes and kindred words
    • 1119. Several of the prefixes
    • 1120. Kindred in origin and character
    • 1121. Inseparable Prefixes
    • 1122. Miscellaneous Adverbs
    • 1123. Prepositions
    • 1124. Words are thus used prepositionally
    • 1125. The adverbs by derivative form
    • 1126. The Locative
    • 1127. The Instrumental
    • 1128. The Ablative
    • 1129. The Accusative
    • 1130. The Genitive
    • 1131. The conjunctions
    • 1132. The relative derivative adverbs
    • 1133. Purely of conjunctive value
    • 1134. Interjections
    • 1135. Class of voice-gestures
    • CHAPTER XVII
    • 1136. Derivatives of declinable stems
    • 1137. Both verbal and pronominal
    • 1138. Apart from this
    • 1139. But this distinction
    • 1140. Primary suffixes are added not only to more original
    • 1141. Primary suffixes are added also to roots
    • 1142. Suffixes of both classes are sometimes joined
    • 1143. Primary Derivatives
    • 1144. No general laws governing the place
    • 1145. Meaning
    • 1146. Processes of formation
    • 1147. Stems without suffix; Root-words
    • 1148. With the suffix a is made an immensely large
    • 1149. The vast majority of stems
    • 1150. With the suffix
    • 1151. Large class of neuter nouns
    • 1152. Extremely small number of action-nouns
    • 1153. Suffix is is formed a small number of nouns
    • 1154. Suffix are made a few words
    • 1155. Suffix are formed a large body of derivatives
    • 1156. Corresponding to masculines and neuters
    • 1157. Suffix forms a large class of frequently used
    • 1158. Suffix agrees in general
    • 1159. Suffix have the same double value
    • 1160. Not many words are made with a suffix
    • 1161. The great mass of the words
    • 1162. Suffix forms a comparatively small body
    • 1163. Words made with this suffix are almost without exception
    • 1164. In the very few derivatives
    • 1165. Suffix are made a very few nouns
    • 1166. The action-nouns made by this suffix
    • 1167. A very small number of nouns
    • 1168. The numerous derivatives made with this suffix
    • 1169. Suffix are made almost only agent-words
    • 1170. Suffixes may best be noticed here
    • 1171. Suffix are made a few derivatives
    • 1172. The office of this suffix
    • 1173. For the participles made with this suffix
    • 1174. The participles having this ending
    • 1175. The participles ending
    • 1176. Use of this suffix in forming participles
    • 1177. Use of the suffix na in forming from certain roots
    • 1178. Suffix are made a considerable body of derivatives
    • 1179. Most part feminines corresponding to masculines
    • 1180. Meaning and construction
    • 1181. In the preceding case
    • 1182. Mode of formation and their uses
    • 1183. Another suffix which has assumed a primary aspect
    • 1184. Intensive adjectives corresponding to the adjective of root-form
    • 1185. Suffix are formed a few adjectives
    • 1186. Suffix ka is of very common use in secondary derivation
    • 1187. Part of the derivatives made with this suffix
    • 1188. A large number of adjectives
    • 1189. Suffix is only another form of the preceding
    • 1190. Very few words of clear derivation are made with this suffix
    • 1191. Suffix are formed, directly or with preceding u
    • 1192. Few adjectives and neuter nouns
    • 1193. vi, by this suffix are made
    • 1194. snu, with this suffix
    • 1195. sna. Extremely few words have this ending
    • 1196. tnu. This suffix is used
    • 1197. sa. The words ending in suffixal
    • 1198. asi. A few words
    • 1199. abha. A few names of animals
    • 1200. Words ending in the consonants t, d, j
    • 1201. A number of other primary suffixes
    • 1202. Words of secondary derivation
    • 1203. Changes of the stem
    • 1204. Most frequent change in secondary derivation
    • 1205. The derivatives with initial
    • 1206. The great mass of secondary suffixes
    • 1207. Suffixes will be taken up below
    • 1208. From nouns or from adjectives having a noun-value
    • 1209. The derivatives made by adding a
    • 1210. ya. With this suffix are made a very large
    • 1211. Derivatives in ya with initial
    • 1212. Derivatives in ya without initial
    • 1213. Primary derivatives from the beginning
    • 1214. iya. This suffix is virtually identical
    • 1215. First element has maintained its long quantity
    • 1216. Accompanied by increment of an initial syllable
    • 1217. Suffix is doubtless secondary in origin
    • 1218. With this suffix are made gerundival adjectives
    • 1219. Patronymics made by this suffix
    • 1220. Only a very few words are made with this suffix
    • 1221. i. Derivatives made with this suffix
    • 1222. ka. This is doubtless
    • 1223. Several suffixes, partly of rare occurrence
    • 1224. Certain suffixes containing a m
    • 1225. maya. With this suffix
    • 1226. ra. A few derivative adjectives
    • 1227. la. This and the preceding suffix
    • 1228. va. A small number of adjectives
    • 1229. Few adjectives appear to be made by an added ending
    • 1230. in. Possessive adjectives
    • 1231. min. With this suffix
    • 1232. vin. The adjectives made
    • 1233. vant. Very numerous possessive adjectives
    • 1234. van. The secondary derivatives
    • 1235. mant. This is a twin-suffix
    • 1236. Especially in connection with the suffixes a and ya
    • 1237. Suffix are made feminine abstract nouns
    • 1238. Suffixes are Vedic only
    • 1239. tva. With this suffix
    • 1240. tvana. The derivatives made
    • 1241. A few suffixes make no change in the character
    • 1242. The suffixes of comparison
    • 1243. Of diminutive suffixes
    • 1244. Of the ordinary adjective-making suffixes
    • 1245. A few suffixes are used to make derivatives
    • CHAPTER XVIII
    • 1246. Frequent combination of declinable stems
    • 1247. Sanskrit compounds fall into three principal classes
    • 1248. Like a simple word
    • 1249. The final of a stem
    • 1250. But a case-form in the prior member
    • 1251. The accent of compounds is very various
    • 1252. Copulative Compounds
    • 1253. The noun-copulatives fall
    • 1254. As prior member
    • 1255. Copulative compounds such as appear later
    • 1256. Usage is much more nearly accordant
    • 1257. Copulative compounds composed of adjectives
    • 1258. In accentuated texts
    • 1259. An example or two are met with of adverbial copulatives
    • 1260. Repeated words
    • 1261. Finally may be noticed
    • 1262. A noun or adjective is often combined
    • 1263. This is the class of compounds
    • 1264. Dependent compounds
    • 1265. Dependent Adjective-compounds
    • 1266. Principal groups of compounds
    • 1267. Compounds having as final member
    • 1268. Compounds having an ordinary adjective as final member
    • 1269. The adjective dependent compounds
    • 1270. Compounds made with verbal derivatives
    • 1271. Compounds with verbal nouns and adjectives in ana
    • 1272. The action-nouns in ya
    • 1273. Compounds made with the passive participle in ta or na
    • 1274. Compounds with derivatives in ti
    • 1275. Compounds with a derivative in in
    • 1276. There is a group of compounds with derivatives in i
    • 1277. Compounds with derivatives in van
    • 1278. Compounds with other derivatives of rare
    • 1279. Descriptive Compounds
    • 1280. The simplest case is
    • 1281. The adverbial words
    • 1282. Verbal adjectives and nouns
    • 1283. The participles belonging to the tense-systems
    • 1284. The passive participle in ta or na
    • 1285. The gerundives occur almost only in combination
    • 1286. The root-stem is very often combined
    • 1287. Other verbal derivatives
    • 1288. Of the remaining combinations
    • 1289. Verbal prefixes are sometimes used
    • 1290. Other compounds with adverbial prior members
    • 1291. One or two exceptional cases
    • 1292. Secondary Adjective Compounds
    • 1293. Possessive Compounds
    • 1294. That a noun, simple or compound
    • 1295. The possessive compound is distinguished
    • 1296. Possessively used dependent compounds
    • 1297. Possessively used descriptive compounds
    • 1298. Possessive compounds in which a noun is preceded
    • 1299. Possessive compounds with a participle preceding and qualifying the final noun
    • 1300. Possessive compounds having a numeral
    • 1301. Possessive compounds having as prior member a noun
    • 1302. Especially common is the use of a noun
    • 1303. In appositional possessive compounds
    • 1304. Of possessive compounds having an adverbial element
    • 1305. Possessive compounds in which a verbal prefix
    • 1306. Possessive compounds with an ordinary adverb
    • 1307. It was pointed out in the preceding chapter
    • 1308. The possessive compounds are not always used
    • 1309. Compounds with Governed Final Member
    • 1310. Prepositional Compounds
    • 1311. Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs
    • 1312. The substantively used compounds
    • 1313. Those adverbially used accusatives
    • 1314. Anomalous Compounds
    • 1315. Stem-finals altered in Composition
    • 1316. Loose Construction with Compounds
    • Appendix
    • Sanskrit Index
    • General Index
    • Errata

    Contents

    • Preface
    • Introduction
    • Abbreviations
    • Chapter

    I.       Alphabet
    II.      System of Sounds; Pronunciation
    III.     Rules of Euphonic Combination
    IV.     Declension
    V.      Nouns and Adjectives
    VI.     Numerals
    VII.    Pronouns
    VIII.   Conjugation
    IX.     The Present-System
    X.      The Perfect-System
    XI.     The Aorist-System
    XII.    The Future-Systems
    XIII.   Verbal Adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds
    XIV.   Derivative or Secondary Conjugation
    XV.    Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation
    XVI.   Indeclinables
    XVII.  Derivation of Declinable Stems
    XVIII. Formation of Compound Stems

    • Appendix
    • Sanskrit Index
    • General Index
    • Errata

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