Whitney's Grammar
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Contents
Preface
Introduction
Abbreviations
CHAPTERS
I. ALPHABET
1. The natives of India
2. Much that relates to the history
3. Minor varieties
4. The student may be advised
5. The characters
6. A few other sounds
7. The order of arrangement
8. The theory
9. The two principles
10. Under A
11. A consonant-sign
12. Under B
13. In some cases
14. The semivowel
15. Further combinations
16. A sign called
17. The numeral figures
18. The Hindu grammarians
II. SYSTEM OF SOUNDS, PRONUNCIATION
19. The Sanskrit has three earliest
20. The a is the openest vowel
21. The short a
22. The a-vowels
23. Sanskrit adds two others
24. The vowel
25. Like their corresponding semivowels
26. The short r
27. The diphthongs
28. The e and o
29. The lighter
30. The general name
31. The Hindu name
32. Mutes
33. The five mute-series
34. In each series
35. The first and third members
36. Nor is the character
37. The second and fourth
38. The sonant aspirates
39. Guttural series
40. The k is by far the commonest
41. The Sanskrit guttural series
42. Palatal series
43. Euphonic processes
44. The palatal mutes
45. Lingual series
46. The linguals are
47. Dental series
48. Indo-European original mute-classes
49. Labial series
50. The numerical relation
51. Semivowels
52. The r is clearly shown
53. The l is a sound
54. Some of the Vedic texts
55. The y in Sanskrit
56. The y is by its physical character
57. The v is pronounced
58. The v is classed
59. Spirants
60. The s
61. As to the character of this sibilant
62. This sibilant is no original sound
63. The native authorities classed
64. Corruption of an original k-sound
65. The remaining spirant
66. The h
67. A final h-sound
68. The visarga is not original
69. Before a surd guttural
70. A nasal sound
71. There is discordance of opinion
72. The assimilated nasal element
73. Two different signs
74. This is the whole system
75. The whole spoken alphabet
76. The Hindu grammarians
77. They also define the quantity
78. Besides these two vowel-quantities
79. For metrical purposes
80. The phenomena of accent
81. The primary tones
82. One distinction of tone
83. The svarita or circumflex
84. Distinguish and name separately
85. Hindu grammarians agree in declaring
86. The essential difference
87. The accentuation
88. The Rig-Veda method
89. In this work
90. The theory of the Sanskrit accent
91. The system of accentuation
92. The Sanskrit accent taught
93. Certain other words
94. More than a single accented syllable
95. On the place of the accented syllable
96. Since the accent is marked
97. The accent of each word
III. RULES OF EUPHONIC COMBINATION
98. Words in Sanskrit
99. Analysable character
100. Euphonic-laws
101. Formation of compounds
102. Roots which are authenticated
103. List of roots
104. Forms of the roots
105. Roots showing more than one form
106. Stems as well as roots
107. Euphonic principles and laws
108. Master the rules of euphonic combination
109. Rules of combination
110. General principles of combination
111. Treatment of the finals of stems
112. Leading rules of internal combination
113. Hiatus
114. Deaspiration
115. Assimilation
116. Conversion of one sound
117. Changes within the series
118. Conversions involving a change
119. Euphonic combinations
120. Lingual sibilant
121. Extension and abbreviation
122. Permitted Finals
123. Increment and Decrement
124. Systematic arrangement
125. Concurrence of two vowels
126. Two similar simple vowels
127. An a-vowel combines
128. As regards the accent
129. The i-vowels
130. Combination requiring notice
131. Of a diphthong
132. Important Additional Rule
133. That is to say
134. Unusual final
135. After final
136. In internal combination
137. In external combination
138. Certain final vowels
139. Sounds allowed to occur as finals
140. All the vowel sounds
141. Of the non-nasal mutes
142. The palatals
143. Of the nasals
144. Of the semivowels
145. Of the sibilants
146. The compound
147. The aspiration
148. The visarga
149. Apart from the vowels
150. Only one consonant
151. Anomalous conversions
152. For all the processes of external combination
153. An aspirate mute
154. Mute is to be doubled
155. In a few roots
156. Under this head
157. In internal combination, the initial vowel
158. Final vowels
159. With the exceptions
160. A final sonant aspirate
161. Before a nasal in external combination
162. Before l
163. Before h
164. The euphonic changes
165. Final r radical or quasi-radical
166. Final radical
167. In a few very rare cases
168. According to the grammarians
169. As the final consonant of derivative stems
170. The s
171. First three of these rules
172. Before an initial sibilant
173. One or two exceptions
174. Before a sonant
175. Final as
176. Exceptions to the rules as to final
177. Final
178. Final r
179. A double r
180. The dental sibilant
181. In the interior of a Sanskrit word
182. On the other hand
184. The nasalization of the alterant vowel
184. The principle cases of alteration
185. But the same change occurs also
186. In other compounds
187. The final s of the first member
188. Once more, in the Veda
189. The dental nasal
190. The rule has force
191. This rule applies strictly
192. Especially, a preposition
193. In compound words
194. Finally, in the Veda
195. The immediate combination
196. When a dental mute
197. A dental surd mute or nasal
198. In the other cases
199. In external combination, a final t
200. The cases of assimilation
201. A n coming to follow
202. A final t
203. Before the palatal sibilant
204. Final radical n
205. The assimilation of n
206. A n is also assimilated
207. Before the lingual and dental sibilants
208. Before the surd palatal
209. The same retention
210. The nasals n
211. The nasals before a sibilant
212. Final radical m
213. Final m in external combination
214. These sounds show
215. The palatals and h
216. Thus, in derivation
217. Final c of a root or stem
218. Final c reverts to its original
219. Final j
220. Final ch falls under the rules of combination
221. Infrequent as final of a root
222. The roots in final h
223. The roots of the two classes
224. Irregularities of combination
225. Since the lingual sibilant
226. In general
227. As a general rule
228. After r
229. The first consonant
230. Other cases of extension
231. After a nasal
232. A double mute
233. Instances are sometimes
234. Strengthening and Weakening Processes
235. Guna and Vrddhi
236. The series of corresponding degrees
237. The historical relations
238. The guna-increment
239. The vrddhi-increment
240. Heavy syllable ending
241. The increments of
242. In a number of roots
243. In a few cases
244. Vowel-lengthening
245. Final radical i and u
246. Compensatory lengthening
247. The final vowel
248. In the Veda
249. The alteration
250. But the lightening
251. Certain a-roots
252. By a process
253. A short a
254. Union-vowels
255. Nasal Increment
256. A final n
257. Inserted n
258. Inserted y
259. Reduplication of a root
260. Reason of the strengthening
IV. DECLENSION
261. The general subject of declension
262. Declensional forms show primarily case
263. Gender
264. Number
265. As to the uses of the numerals
266. Case
267. Uses of the Nominative
268. One or two peculiar constructions
269. Uses of the accusative
270. Use of the accusative as direct object
271. Of verbal derivatives
272. Examples of an accusative
273. Direct construction of cases
274. Accusative is very often found
275. Examples of the cognate accusative
276. Accusative is often used in more adverbial constructions
277. Accusative is, of course, freely used
278. Uses of the Instrumental
279. Instrumental is often used to signify accompaniment
280. Instrumental of means
281. Of special applications
282. Construction of a passive verb
283. Many instrumental constructions
284. Prepositions taking the instrumental
285. Uses of the Dative
286. Dative is used with
287. In its more distinctive sense
288. Dative is not to be used with prepositions
289. Uses of the Ablative
290. Ablative is used where expulsion
291. Ablative is used where procedure
292. One or two special applications
293. Ablative is used with a variety of prepositions
294. Uses of the Genitive
295. Genitive in its normal adjective construction
296. Genitive is dependent
297. Genitive as object of a verb
298. Genitive in its usual possessive sense
299. Prepositional constructions of the genitive
300. Genitive is very little used adverbially
301. Uses of the Locative
302. Locative of situation in space hardly needs illustration
303. Locative of sphere
304. Pregnant construction
306. Declensional forms
307. Endings - Singular
308. Dual
309. Plural
310. Normal scheme of endings
311. Variations of Stem
312. Other variations concern
313. Insertions between Stem
314. Accent in Declension
315. As regards the other cases
316. Stems accented on the final
317. In the declension of monosyllabic stems
318. Polysyllabic stems ending in consonants
319. Polysyllabic stems ending in accented short vowels
320. Root-words
V. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
321. The accordance in inflection
322. The division-line between substantive
323. Compound adjectives having as final member a bare verbal root
324. Compound adjectives having a noun as final member
325. Under each declension
326. Declension contains the majority
327. Declension I - Endings - Singular
328. Declension I - Dual
329. Declension I - Plural
330. Examples of declension I
331. Among nouns
332. Original adjectives
333. There are no verbal roots
334. A noun ending
335. The stems in i and u
336. Declension II - Endings - Singular
337. Declension II - Dual
338. Declension II - Plural
339. Examples of declension II
340. In order to mark more plainly the absence
341. As models of u-stems
342. The forms of Vedic occurrence
343. Irregular declension
344. Original adjectives stems in i
345. Roots ending in i or u
346. Compound adjectives having nouns
347. The stems ending in long vowels
348. The inflection of these stems
349. Monosyllabic stems
350. The rules for monosyllabic accent
351. Examples of declension III
352. Monosyllabic stems in composition
353. A few further Vedic irregularities
354. But compounds of the class
355. Polysyllabic Stems
356. The mode of declension
357. Irregularities of form
358. The process of transfer
359. Adjective compounds
360. There are certain monosyllabic
361. Entirely regular
362. To this division
363. Endings
364. Examples of declension
365. Examples of Vedic forms
366. Noun woman
367. Occurrence of original adjectives
368. It is convenient
369. This declension is a comparatively limited
370. Forms of the Stem
371. Declension IV - Endings
372. Declension IV - Accent
373. Examples of declension IV
374. The stem jackal
375. Neuter forms
376. There are no original adjectives
377. All stems ending in consonants
378. In this declension
379. Variations
380. The endings are throughout
381. Change in the place of the accent
382. For convenience and clearness of presentation
383. Root-stems - stems of this division
384. Root-stems - Gender
385. Strong and weak stem-forms
386. A nasal appears in the strong cases
387. The vowel a is lengthened
388. Other modes of differentiation
389. The ending
390. Monosyllabic stems have the regular accent
391. Examples of inflection
392. The root-stems in ir and ur
393. The stem water
394. The stem man
395. The stem road
396. The stem tooth
397. A number of other words
398. Certain stems of this division
399. Some of the alternative stems
400. Original adjectives having the root-form
401. Original adjectives having the root-form
402. The root slay
403. The root carry
404. Of very irregular formation and inflection
405. The root overcome
406. The compound make offering
407. Compounds with ac
408. Examples of inflection - forward
409. Rare occurrence
410. The accentuation of these words is irregular
411. The stems of this division are prevailingly neuter
412. The stems in as
413. Their inflection is almost entirely regular
414. Derivative stems in as, is, us - Examples of declension
415. Vedic etc. Irregularities
416. The grammarians regard
417. A few neuter nouns in as
418. Adjective compounds having nouns
419. The stem unrivalled
420. Stems made by the three suffixes
421. The stem has a triple form
422. The vocative sing.
423. As to accent
424. Derivative stems in an - Examples of declension
425. Vedic Irregularities
426. Regular lengthening
427. The stems dog
428. The stem generous
429. Stems in a, ma, va
430. The stem day
431. The neuter stems eye
432. The neuter stems blood
433. The stems m. road
434. The stems stirring-stick
435. Original adjective stems
436. Adjective compounds having a noun in an
437. Nouns in an occurring as final members
438. Formed with the suffixes in
439. Their inflection is quite regular
440. Derivative stems in - Examples of inflection
441. There are no irregularities in the inflection of in-stems
442. These stems fall into two sub-divisions
443. The stem has in general a double form
444. Those verbs
445. The vocative of each gender is like the nominative
446. Stems accented on the final syllable
447. Participles in ant or at - Examples of declension
448. The Vedic derivations from the model
449. The feminine participle-stem
450. A few words are participial in form and inflection
451. The pronominal adjectives
452. Possessives in mant or vant
453. Illustrate the inflection
454. Possessives in mant or vant - Vedic Irregularities
455. The stem running
456. Besides the participle
457. Pronominal adjectives inflected like ordinary derivatives
458. The active participles of the perfect tense-system
459. The forms as thus described are masculine
460. The accent is always upon the suffix
461. Perfect Participles - Examples of inflection
462. In the oldest language
463. The comparative adjectives
464. As models of inflection
465. The Vedic voc. masc.
466. Derivative adjective stems
467. The suffixes of primary derivation
468. From Veda and
469. The stems in
470. Of peculiarities and irregularities of formation
471. The suffixes of secondary derivation
472. These comparatives and superlatives
473. That especially in the Veda
474. From a few words
VI. NUMERALS
475. The simple cardinal numerals
476. The odd numbers between the even tens
477. The above are the normal expressions
478. The same methods
479. Another usual method
480. To multiply one number by another
481. But the two factors
482. Inflection of the cardinal numerals
483. The numbers from 5 to 19
484. Hindu grammarians give to the stems
485. The tens
486. Construction
487. Ordinals
488. The ordinals, as in other languages
489. Other numeral derivatives
Chapter VII
490. Pronouns differ from
491. Pronouns of the first and second persons
492. Forms of the older language
493. Peculiar endings
494. Stem-forms
495. Simplest demonstrative
496. Peculiarities of the general pronominal declension
497. Stem of this pronoun
498. Demonstrative root
499. Two other demonstrative stem
500. There is a defective pronominal stem
501. Declension of two other demonstratives
502. The former of these two pronouns
503. Other pronoun
504. Characteristic part
505. The grammarians treat
506. Various forms of this pronoun
507. The interrogative pronoun
508. The root of the relative pronoun
509. It is inflected with entire regularity
510. The use of
511. Combination of ya with ka
512. One or two marked peculiarities
513. The isolated and uninflected pronominal word
514. The noun soul
515. From pronominal roots and stems
516. Possessives
517. By the suffix
518. Pronominal roots show
519. From ta, ka, ya
520. From ya
521. Derivatives with the suffix ka
522. A number of adjectives
523. Comparatives and superlatives
524. Other words are so inflected
525. Other words follow the same model
526. Occasional forms
CHAPTER VIII
527. Subject of conjugation
528. Voice
529. An active form
530. Some verbs are conjugated
531. The middle forms outside
532. Tense
533. Mode
534. The present, perfect, and future
535. Tense-systems
536. Number and Person
537. Verbal adjectives and nouns
538. Infinitives
539. Gerunds
540. Secondary conjugations
541. Characteristic of a proper verb-form
542. Endings of verbal inflection
543. Singular: First person
544. Singular: Second person
545. Singular: Third person
546. Dual
547. Second and Third persons
548. Plural
549. Second person
550. Third person
551. Schemes of endings
552. Part of the endings
553. Schemes of normal endings
554. Rule is followed
555. Secondary endings
556. Changes of form
557. Of the subjunctive mode
558. In its normal and regular formation
559. Stem thus formed
560. In the active
561. In the middle
562. Subjunctive endings
563. Besides this proper subjunctive
564. Optative is of comparatively rare
565. Optative mode-sign
566. Combined mode-sign
567. Precative
568. Precative endings
569. Imperative has no mode-sign
570. Imperative in
571. As regards its meaning
572. Of the three modes
573. Optative appears to have
574. The subjunctive
575. Difference
576. As examples
577. The uses of the optative
578. The later use
579. The imperative negative
580. But the use also of the optative
581. In all dependent constructions
582. No distinction of meaning
583. Participles
584. The general participial endings
585. The augment
586. Augment is a sign of past time
587. Especially in the RV
588. Derivation of conjugational
589. General principle of reduplication
590. Consonant of the reduplicating syllable
591. Statements which have been
592. General rule
593. First, the verb is accented
594. Certain special cases
595. Second, the verb is accented
596. The verb of a prior clause
597. Where the verb would be the same
598. Certain more or less doubtful cases
CHAPTER IX
599. The present-system
600. Practically, present-system is the most prominent
601. Great variety
602. In a small minority of verbs
603. In the classes of the first or non-a-conjugation
604. These classes have in common
605. In the classes of the second or non-a-conjugation
606. The classes of this conjugation
607. Hindu grammarians reckon a tenth class
608. A small number of roots
609. Roots are not wholly limited
610. We take up now the different classes
611. In this class there is no class-sign
612. The endings are the primary
613. Examples of the 3d sing
614. Subjunctive forms of this class
615. The RV. has no middle forms
616. The personal endings
617. The imperative adds
618. The 2d sing. act
619. The active participle
620. Imperfect tense adds
621. Roots ending
622. The use of the persons
623. The first or root-form
624. In the Veda
625. Forms of this class
626. Irregularities of the Root-class
627. Vowel in its strong forms
628. A number of roots accent
629. Of the roots mentioned
630. Of the same roots
631. The roots weep
632. The root speak
633. Some of the roots in u
634. The root am
635. The irregularities
636. The root as
637. The root smite
638. The root be eager
639. The root order
640. The double so-called root
641. Certain other obviously reduplicated
642. Reduplicating forms
643. As regards the consonant
644. The present-stem of this class
645. According to all the analogies
646. The verbs of this class lose
647. Combination of stem and endings
648. It is not possible at present
649. The subjunctive mode-stem
650. Instead of giving
651. To form this mode
652. The endings and the mode
653. Present Imperative: Example of inflection
654. Vedic irregularities of inflection
655. Active participle-stem
656. As already pointed out
657. Imperfect: Examples of inflection
658. The usual Vedic irregularities
659. The roots that form
660. Besides the roots
661. Several roots of this class in final
662. sharpen
663. bellow
664. remove
665. quit
666. give
667. The two roots
668. The inflection
669. The older language has irregularities
670. A number of roots
671. In all periods of the language
672. In the Veda the reduplicated roots
673. In the Veda, a like secondary stem
674. Similar secondary form,
675. A few so-called roots
676. The grammarians reckon several roots
677. The stem shine
678. The root chew
679. The root fear
680. Forms of this class from give birth
681. The roots ci and cit
682. The root vyac has i
683. Roots of this class all end in consonants
684. Present Indicative: Examples of inflection
685. Vedic irregularities of inflection
686. The stem is made
687. The RV. has once
688. Present optative
689. Present Imperative
690. There is no occurrence
691. The participles are made
692. The example of the regular inflection
693. The Veda shows no irregularities
694. The roots of this class number about thirty
695. The root combines
696. The root accents
697. The present-stem of the nu-class
698. Present Indicative: Examples of inflection
699. In the older language, no strong 2d persons
700. The subjunctive mode-stem
701. Of the briefer 1st sing
702. The combined endings
703. The inflection of the imperative
704. The rule as to the omission
705. Present Participle: The endings
706. Imperfect: Combination of augmented stem
707. Strong stem-forms
708. About fifty roots
709. The roots of the other division
710. The root be pleased
711. The root hear
712. The root shake
713. The so-called root
714. The extremely common root make
715. In RV., this root is regularly inflected
716. A few verbs belonging originally
717. The class-sign
718. Present Indicative: Example of inflection
719. In the Veda, the 3d sing.
720. The subjunctive forms
721. This mode is formed and inflected
722. Present Imperative: The ending in 2d sing.
723. The first two in RV
724. The participles are regularly formed
725. There is nothing special
726. It has been pointed out
727. The roots which form their present-systems
728. Irregularities of the na-class: roots ending
729. The root grabh
730. A few of the roots have a more or less persistent
731. Not rarely, forms showing
732. An apparently denominative inflection
733. Second or a-Conjugation
734. A-class
735. Present Indicative: The endings and the rules
736. Present Subjunctive: The mode-stem
737. The 2d du. mid.
738. Present Optative
739. Present Imperative: example
740. The ending tana
741. Present Participle: The endings
742. Imperfect: An example of the imperfect inflection
743. No forms in tana
744. A far larger number of roots
745. Irregularities of the a-class
746. The roots bite
747. The roots go and reach
748. The root sit
749. Transfers to this class
750. The root dham
751. Accented: The present-stem
752. Example of inflection: root - center
753. Nearly a hundred and fifty roots
754. Noticeable peculiarities of form
755. Irregularities: The roots in i and u
756. The three roots
757. As to the stems
758. Although the present-stem of this class shows
759. Ya-class: Present-stem
760. Root - bind
761. Ya-class stems are more
762. Only one thus far described
763. Irregularities of the ya-class
764. The root mad has the same lengthening
765. No forms of this class are quotable
766. Jur and tir
767. The root vyadh is abbreviated
768. Passive conjugation: A certain form of present-stem
769. Passive-sign is added
770. A final vowel of a root
771. The inflectiom of the passive-stem
772. The roots tan and khan
773. Maintains itself
774. Examples of the transfer of stems
775. The so-called Tenth class
776. Uses of the Present and Imperfect
777. The present has its strictly present use
778. In connection with certain particles
779. The imperfect has remained unchanged
CHAPTER X
780. The perfect system
781. The formation of the perfect
782. Reduplication. In roots beginning
783. For roots beginning with a vowel
784. Number of roots beginning with va
785. A number of roots having ya
786. A considerable number of roots
787. A few roots beginning with the palatal mutes
788. A small number of roots with initial a
789. One or two individual cases of irregularity
790. Absence of reduplication
791. For an anomalous case
792. Strong and weak stem-forms
793. As regards the strengthening
794. As regards the weakening
795. Endings, and their union
796. Those of the endings which begin with a consonant
797. The most important rules
798. The usage is in part quite otherwise
799. The ending of 3rd pl.
800. By way of illustration of the rules
801. A few miscellaneous irregularities
802. The ending of the active participle
803. If the weak form of the perfect stem is monosyllabic
804. Vedic irregularities calling for notice
805. From roots gam and ban
806. The ending of the middle participle
807. Perfect participles have nearly gone
808. Modes of the Perfect
809. The normal method of making such forms
810. Examples of the regular subjunctive formation
811. Not a few subjunctives
812. Examples of the regular optative formation
813. Of regular imperative forms
814. As irregular imperatives may be reckoned
815. Such imperatives
816. Forms of different model
817. Pluperfect
818. The normal pluperfect
819. Several forms from roots ending
820. A few forms show a stem ending in a
821. Uses of the Perfect
822. Distinction of tense-value
823. In the Veda, the case is very different
CHAPTER XI
824. Under the name of aorist
825. All these varieties are bound together
826. The aorist-system is a formation
827. In the RV., nearly half the roots
828. Simple Aorist
829. Root-aorist
830. Same roots are decidedly
831. Aorists of the same class
832. Further, from a few roots
833. Again, from a larger number of roots
834. So far only active forms
835. Modes of the Root-aorist
836. Of true subjunctives
837. Optative. The optative active
838. Precative active forms
839. Imperative forms of the root-aorist
840. Participles of the Root-aorist
841. Roots exhibiting in the older language
842. Passive Aorist third person singular
843. This person is formed by adding
844. Before the ending a final vowel
845. These forms are made in RV.
846. The a-aorist
847. Makes in the RV. a small figure
848. The inflection of this aorist
849. Modes of the a-aorist
850. The optatives are few
851. A complete series of active imperative
852. Participles of the a-aorist
853. Irregularities of the a-aorist
854. The stem voc
855. Isolated forms
856. Reduplicated Aorist
857. Its characteristic is a reduplication
858. The consonant of the reduplication
859. If the root is a light syllable
860. If the root is a heavy syllable
861. The favored relation
862. Examples of this aorist from roots
863. Of special irregularities
864. The inflection of the reduplicated aorist
865. The middle forms are rare in the older language
866. Strengthening before the endings
867. Forms of the inflection without union-vowel
868. Few roots are said
869. Modes of the Reduplicated Aorist
870. Optative forms are even rarer
871. The indubitable forms
872. No participle is found belonging
873. Sigmatic or Sibilant Aorist
874. The sibilant tense-stem
875. In the vast majority of cases
876. Classification for the varieties of sibilant-aorist
877. The s-aorist
878. The general rules as to the strengthening
879. The endings are the usual secondary ones
880. Before endings beginning with t or th
881. This variety of sibilant aorist
882. The omission of s
883. Certain roots weaken
884. Roots ending in changeable
885. The s-aorist is made
886. Irregularities of stem-formation
887. The principal peculiarity
888. If the root ends in a vowel
889. If the root ends in a consonant
890. A relic of this peculiarity
891. The indicative forms
892. Proper subjunctive forms are not rare
893. Of irregularities are to be noted
894. Optative forms of this aorist
895. Imperative persons from this aorist
896. Participles of the s-aorist
897. Participles of the s-aorist
898. The tense-stem of this aorist
899. The rules as to the strengthening
900. Of exceptions may be noted
901. The endings are as in the preceding formation
902. As examples of the inflection
903. The number of roots from which forms of this aorist
904. Irregularities are to be noticed
905. As usual, augmentless indicative forms
906. Of subjunctive forms with primary endings
907. The middle optative of this aorist
908. Of imperative forms
909. No words having a participial ending
910. This is the only aorist of which forms
911. According to the grammarians
912. Properly only a sub-form
913. The whole series of older indicative
914. Of proper subjunctives
915. Middle forms of this aorist
916. The sa-aorist
917. As the tense-stem ends in a
918. As example of inflection: root - point
919. Forms of the sa-aorist
920. In the indicative
921. Precative
922. The precative active
923. Precative middle is made
924. As example of inflection: root - be
925. Precative active is a form of very rare occurrence
926. Uses of the Aorist
927. Aorist of the later language
928. Aorist has the value of a proper perfect
929. This distinction of the aorist from the imperfect and perfect
930. The boundary between what has just been
CHAPTER XII
931. The future-systems
932. The s-future
933. This tense-stem is then inflected precisely
934. With regard to the use or non-use
935. Regards the auxiliary vowel
936. As the root is strengthened
937. This future is comparatively rare
938. Mode-forms of the future
939. Participles are made from the future-stem
940. From the future-stem
941. The conditional is the rarest of all
942. The Periphrastic Future
943. The noun is formed by the suffix
944. In the third persons
945. The accent in these combinations
946. The nomina agentis in
947. A few isolated attempts are made
948. As the s-future is the commoner
949. Periphrastic future is defined
950. The conditional would seem
CHAPTER XIII
951. Verbal Adjectives and nouns
952. Passive Participle: By accented suffix
953. Participle is made by adding
954. Its weakest form
955. Of more irregular character
956. The suffix with i
957. The suffix always without auxiliary i
958. Native grammarians reckon as participles
959. Past Active Participle in tavant
960. Derivative words of this formation
961. Future Passive Participles: Gerundives
962. The suffixes by which such gerundives
963. The suffix ya in its gerundive use
964. The suffix tavya is a secondary adjective
965. The suffix is the product of a secondary derivative
966. Other formations of kindred value
967. The division-line between participial and ordinary
968. The later language has only a single infinitive
969. A number of verbal nouns
970. Nouns thus used infinitively
971. The root-noun used as infinitive
972. The infinitive noun in tu
973. The infinitive in ase is made
974. Infinitives in mane are made
975. The infinitives in taye
976. The ending is, more than any other
977. An example or two
978. Infinitives in
979. The only infinitive in tari
980. Uses of the Infinitives
981. The accusative is made only from the root-noun
982. Of the infinitive datives
983. The ablative infinitive
984. The genitive infinitive
985. Unless the infinitives
986. The dative infinitive forms
987. The later infinitive in tum
988. The infinitive in certain connections
989. The so-called gerund is a stereotyped case
990. The gerund is made in the later language
991. Usually added directly to the root
992. The suffix added directly to the root
993. Same two gerund formations
994. Not changing in its character
995. Adverbial Gerund in am
CHAPTER XIV
996. Derivative
997. Secondary conjugations are
998. The passive conjugation
999. A decided predilection for the passive form
1000. Intensive
1001. The intensive conjugation may be formed
1003. The same root is allowed
1004. The model of normal intensive inflection
1005. The parts of the present-system
1006. As example of inflection: root - know
1007. The forms found
1008. Subjunctive forms with primary endings
1009. This mode would show the unstrengthened stem
1010. The regular forms of the imperative
1011. Older imperative forms are less rare
1012. The intensive participles
1013. On account of their accent
1014. The imperfect is regularly inflected
1015. The imperfect forms found
1016. Derivative Middle Inflection
1017. This kind of intensive inflection
1018. The grammarians are at variance
1019. Aorist, Future etc
1020. There are systems of inflection
1021. The stem regulate
1022. The root totter
1023. Anomalous form dart
1024. A marked intensive or frequentative
1025. It is allowed by the grammarians
1026. By the desiderative conjugation
1027. The desiderative stem is formed
1028. The root in general remains unchanged
1029. The consonant of the reduplication
1030. A number of roots, including some of very common
1031. The use of the auxiliary vowel
1032. Inflection: Present-System
1033. Desiderative forms outside the present-system
1034. The desiderative perfect is the periphrastic
1035. The aorist is of the form
1036. The futures are made with the auxiliary vowel
1037. Verbal Nouns and Adjectives
1038. Of other declinable stems
1039. Derivative or Tertiary Conjugations
1040. Some stems which are desiderative
1041. Causative
1042. The treatment of the root
1043. The causative stem is inflected
1044. Formations from the causative stem
1045. Perfect. The accepted causative perfect
1046. The aorist of the causative conjugation is the reduplicated
1047. Root has assumed a peculiar form
1048. Few sporadic forms
1049. A precative is of course allowed
1050. Futures with the conditional
1051. Verbal Nouns and Adjectives are made
1052. Derivative or Tertiary Conjugations
1053. A denominative conjugation
1054. The grammarians teach that any noun-stem
1055. The base of denominative conjugation
1056. Intermediate between the denominative
1057. Denominatives are formed at every period
1058. The denominative meaning is
1059. From stems in a
1060. Plays the herdsman protects
1061. From stems in i
1062. From other vowel-stems
1063. From consonant-stems
1064. The largest class of consonantal stems
1065. The grammarians reckon as a special class of denominatives
1066. A number of denominative stems
1067. The denominative stems in RV
1068. The denominative stems are inflected with regularity
CHAPTER XV
1069. Periphrastic and compound conjugation
1070. Periphrastic Perfect
1071. Periphrastic perfect occurs as follows
1072. Periphrastic perfect of the middle voice
1073. Account of the periphrastic formation
1074. Participial Periphrastic Phrases
1075. Examples of the various formations
1076. Composition with Prepositional Prefixes
1077. Verbal prefixes
1078. Prefixes essentially
1079. More limited use
1080. More than one prefix
1081. Prefix stands immediately before the verbal form
1082. Accent of verb-forms
1083. A personal verbal form
1084. General adverb of direction
1085. Combination with the non-personal parts
1086. Closeness of combination
1087. Few special irregularities
1088. More general adverbial uses
1089. Combination of the particles a or an privative
1090. Other Verbal Compounds
1091. Reduplicative onomatopoetic compounds
1092. Noun namas obeisance
1093. Noun-stem thus compounded
1094. Any noun or adjective stem
1095. Of all the forms
CHAPTER XVI
1096. Indeclinable words
1097. Adverbs by Suffix.
1098. With the suffix tas
1099. With the suffix tra
1100. Suffixes of locality
1101. Adverbs of manner
1102. One or two other suffixes
1103. By the suffix
1104. Adverbs especially from numerals
1105. Numerals are made multiplicative adverbs
1106. Numeral or quantitative stems
1107. Suffix are made with great freedom
1108. Suffix are made from nouns quasi-adverbs
1109. Suffixes, not of noun-derivation
1110. Case-forms used as Adverbs
1111. Accusative is the case most frequently used
1112. The instrumental is also often used
1113. Dative has only very seldom an adverbial use
1114. Ablative is not infrequently used
1115. Genitive is almost never used
1116. Locative is sometimes used
1117. Even a nominative form appears to be stereotyped
1118. Verbal Prefixes and kindred words
1119. Several of the prefixes
1120. Kindred in origin and character
1121. Inseparable Prefixes
1122. Miscellaneous Adverbs
1123. Prepositions
1124. Words are thus used prepositionally
1125. The adverbs by derivative form
1126. The Locative
1127. The Instrumental
1128. The Ablative
1129. The Accusative
1130. The Genitive
1131. The conjunctions
1132. The relative derivative adverbs
1133. Purely of conjunctive value
1134. Interjections
1135. Class of voice-gestures
CHAPTER XVII
1136. Derivatives of declinable stems
1137. Both verbal and pronominal
1138. Apart from this
1139. But this distinction
1140. Primary suffixes are added not only to more original
1141. Primary suffixes are added also to roots
1142. Suffixes of both classes are sometimes joined
1143. Primary Derivatives
1144. No general laws governing the place
1145. Meaning
1146. Processes of formation
1147. Stems without suffix; Root-words
1148. With the suffix a is made an immensely large
1149. The vast majority of stems
1150. With the suffix
1151. Large class of neuter nouns
1152. Extremely small number of action-nouns
1153. Suffix is is formed a small number of nouns
1154. Suffix are made a few words
1155. Suffix are formed a large body of derivatives
1156. Corresponding to masculines and neuters
1157. Suffix forms a large class of frequently used
1158. Suffix agrees in general
1159. Suffix have the same double value
1160. Not many words are made with a suffix
1161. The great mass of the words
1162. Suffix forms a comparatively small body
1163. Words made with this suffix are almost without exception
1164. In the very few derivatives
1165. Suffix are made a very few nouns
1166. The action-nouns made by this suffix
1167. A very small number of nouns
1168. The numerous derivatives made with this suffix
1169. Suffix are made almost only agent-words
1170. Suffixes may best be noticed here
1171. Suffix are made a few derivatives
1172. The office of this suffix
1173. For the participles made with this suffix
1174. The participles having this ending
1175. The participles ending
1176. Use of this suffix in forming participles
1177. Use of the suffix na in forming from certain roots
1178. Suffix are made a considerable body of derivatives
1179. Most part feminines corresponding to masculines
1180. Meaning and construction
1181. In the preceding case
1182. Mode of formation and their uses
1183. Another suffix which has assumed a primary aspect
1184. Intensive adjectives corresponding to the adjective of root-form
1185. Suffix are formed a few adjectives
1186. Suffix ka is of very common use in secondary derivation
1187. Part of the derivatives made with this suffix
1188. A large number of adjectives
1189. Suffix is only another form of the preceding
1190. Very few words of clear derivation are made with this suffix
1191. Suffix are formed, directly or with preceding u
1192. Few adjectives and neuter nouns
1193. vi, by this suffix are made
1194. snu, with this suffix
1195. sna. Extremely few words have this ending
1196. tnu. This suffix is used
1197. sa. The words ending in suffixal
1198. asi. A few words
1199. abha. A few names of animals
1200. Words ending in the consonants t, d, j
1201. A number of other primary suffixes
1202. Words of secondary derivation
1203. Changes of the stem
1204. Most frequent change in secondary derivation
1205. The derivatives with initial
1206. The great mass of secondary suffixes
1207. Suffixes will be taken up below
1208. From nouns or from adjectives having a noun-value
1209. The derivatives made by adding a
1210. ya. With this suffix are made a very large
1211. Derivatives in ya with initial
1212. Derivatives in ya without initial
1213. Primary derivatives from the beginning
1214. iya. This suffix is virtually identical
1215. First element has maintained its long quantity
1216. Accompanied by increment of an initial syllable
1217. Suffix is doubtless secondary in origin
1218. With this suffix are made gerundival adjectives
1219. Patronymics made by this suffix
1220. Only a very few words are made with this suffix
1221. i. Derivatives made with this suffix
1222. ka. This is doubtless
1223. Several suffixes, partly of rare occurrence
1224. Certain suffixes containing a m
1225. maya. With this suffix
1226. ra. A few derivative adjectives
1227. la. This and the preceding suffix
1228. va. A small number of adjectives
1229. Few adjectives appear to be made by an added ending
1230. in. Possessive adjectives
1231. min. With this suffix
1232. vin. The adjectives made
1233. vant. Very numerous possessive adjectives
1234. van. The secondary derivatives
1235. mant. This is a twin-suffix
1236. Especially in connection with the suffixes a and ya
1237. Suffix are made feminine abstract nouns
1238. Suffixes are Vedic only
1239. tva. With this suffix
1240. tvana. The derivatives made
1241. A few suffixes make no change in the character
1242. The suffixes of comparison
1243. Of diminutive suffixes
1244. Of the ordinary adjective-making suffixes
1245. A few suffixes are used to make derivatives
CHAPTER XVIII
1246. Frequent combination of declinable stems
1247. Sanskrit compounds fall into three principal classes
1248. Like a simple word
1249. The final of a stem
1250. But a case-form in the prior member
1251. The accent of compounds is very various
1252. Copulative Compounds
1253. The noun-copulatives fall
1254. As prior member
1255. Copulative compounds such as appear later
1256. Usage is much more nearly accordant
1257. Copulative compounds composed of adjectives
1258. In accentuated texts
1259. An example or two are met with of adverbial copulatives
1260. Repeated words
1261. Finally may be noticed
1262. A noun or adjective is often combined
1263. This is the class of compounds
1264. Dependent compounds
1265. Dependent Adjective-compounds
1266. Principal groups of compounds
1267. Compounds having as final member
1268. Compounds having an ordinary adjective as final member
1269. The adjective dependent compounds
1270. Compounds made with verbal derivatives
1271. Compounds with verbal nouns and adjectives in ana
1272. The action-nouns in ya
1273. Compounds made with the passive participle in ta or na
1274. Compounds with derivatives in ti
1275. Compounds with a derivative in in
1276. There is a group of compounds with derivatives in i
1277. Compounds with derivatives in van
1278. Compounds with other derivatives of rare
1279. Descriptive Compounds
1280. The simplest case is
1281. The adverbial words
1282. Verbal adjectives and nouns
1283. The participles belonging to the tense-systems
1284. The passive participle in ta or na
1285. The gerundives occur almost only in combination
1286. The root-stem is very often combined
1287. Other verbal derivatives
1288. Of the remaining combinations
1289. Verbal prefixes are sometimes used
1290. Other compounds with adverbial prior members
1291. One or two exceptional cases
1292. Secondary Adjective Compounds
1293. Possessive Compounds
1294. That a noun, simple or compound
1295. The possessive compound is distinguished
1296. Possessively used dependent compounds
1297. Possessively used descriptive compounds
1298. Possessive compounds in which a noun is preceded
1299. Possessive compounds with a participle preceding and qualifying the final noun
1300. Possessive compounds having a numeral
1301. Possessive compounds having as prior member a noun
1302. Especially common is the use of a noun
1303. In appositional possessive compounds
1304. Of possessive compounds having an adverbial element
1305. Possessive compounds in which a verbal prefix
1306. Possessive compounds with an ordinary adverb
1307. It was pointed out in the preceding chapter
1308. The possessive compounds are not always used
1309. Compounds with Governed Final Member
1310. Prepositional Compounds
1311. Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs
1312. The substantively used compounds
1313. Those adverbially used accusatives
1314. Anomalous Compounds
1315. Stem-finals altered in Composition
1316. Loose Construction with Compounds
Appendix
Sanskrit Index
General Index
Errata
Contents
>
CHAPTERS
>
CHAPTER XI
>
909. No words having a participial ending
No words having a participial ending after
iṣ
are found anywhere to occur.
